Why Nations Fail Essay - 1527 Words

Background information on the authors Daron Acemoglu A professor of Applied Economics at M.I.T., Daron Acemoglu is among the â€Å"20 most cited economists in the world.† (Daron). Acemoglu is describe as hot as an economists gets. He has received the prestigious John Bates Clark Medal. Acemoglu is the co-author, with Harvard s James Robinson, of the New York Times bestseller Why Nations Fail, which, like Jared Diamond s Guns, Germs, and Steel, is a major work of historical, political and cultural heft that comes along once every few years. â€Å"Born in Turkey and educated in England, Acemoglu has written for mainstream magazines such as Esquire and co-edits academic publications, such as The Journal of Economic Growth† (Daron). Acemoglu s†¦show more content†¦It is not true that the tropics have always been poorer than temperate latitudes; therefore, the geography hypothesis does not work. considers culture as a set of social norms and conventions and as such would seem to be a part of institutional analysis of change. Culture as manifest in religion and nationalism are rejected as useful explanations for change. The second theory is the Culture hypothesis. This tries to explain inequality of income based on beliefs, values, and ethics. The authors explain that this theory does not work. The last theory is the ignorance hypothesis. This states that world inequality exist because we or our rulers do not know how to make poor countires rich. This theory is considered and presented as the most dangerous of explanations. If only the right leader or elites can control society, then the ignorance of proper development policy can be overcome. Chapter 3 Summary- The Making of Prosperity and Poverty Acemoglu and Robinson use the Korean peninsula in their argument advancing political and economic institutions as the reason for economic change or lack of change. They compare extractive and inclusive economic institutions. To be inclusive, economic institutions must feature secure private property, an unbiased system of law, and a provision of public services that provides a level playing field in whichShow MoreRelatedEssay on The League of Nations; Why Did it Fail?1844 Words   |  8 Pagesdevastation countries from all over the world gathered in France for Peace Conferences. Their goal; to prevent anything reminiscent of what had happened during the Great War from ever occurring again. It was during these conferences that the League of Nations (LON) came into existence. Their first meeting was held on the sixteenth of January 1920, six days after the Versailles Conferences had come into effect (MacMillan 94). 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Brainwashing in America Free Essays

Television, religion, school system, politics, child rearing. Advertisement and media President Bush on October 7, 2002 at Cincinnati Museum Center – Cincinnati Union Terminal, Cincinnati, Ohio, The threat comes from Iraq. It arises directly from the Iraqi regime’s own actions — its history of aggression, and its drive toward an arsenal of terror (WHPR1, 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on Brainwashing in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Months before on February 13, 2002 during a Press Conference with President Musharraf of Pakistan, Mr. Bush declared: And I think that statement was clear enough for Iraq to hear me. And I will reserve whatever options I have, I’ll keep them close to my vest. President — or Saddam Hussein needs to understand I’m serious about defending our country (WHPR2, 2002). And During his speech at the Virginia Military Institute on April 17, 2002, Mr. Bush made these claims: And, finally, the civilized world faces a grave threat from weapons of mass destruction. A small number of outlaw regimes today possess and are developing chemical and biological and nuclear weapons. They’re building missiles to deliver them, and at the same time cultivating ties to terrorist groups. In their threat to peace, in their mad ambitions, in their destructive potential and in the repression of their own people, these regimes constitute an axis of evil and the world must confront them (WHPR3, 2002). With all these statements made in the presence of media persons and the way it had been made that a major part of America and the world really believed that Saddam Hussein and the Iraq is the real threat to the civilized society. Despite the presence of law which prohibits the Bush administration from disseminating government propaganda at home. But in an age of global communications, there is nothing to stop it from planting a phony pro-war story overseas — knowing with certainty that it will reach American citizens almost instantly. This is the power of media and especially electronic media. It has the capability to make any one believe in what it wants to convey. The beautiful newsreader on a TV channel giving us the news. After that the news analysis program is aired. The program brings a battery of analysts to our bedrooms, drawing rooms or shops. These serious looking intelligent faces sitting in front of camera with a list of burning issues are giving their view on the issues. Their facial expression and smartness over words, language and the contents can make anyone feel ill informed. This makes us glued to the television screen. And once the program gets finished we have an unusual feeling that now we have gained great information on issues about which we were quiet ignorant few minutes or hours before. A single program made some change in our self and our personal database of information. This is the actual effect of one of the most popular form of media called the electronic media. But the point of concern is not its power or ability of influencing human psyche. The actual issue which has been raised this time is the way it makes an impact on our world views. The authenticity of the content which is aired is now being discussed. The focus is shifting towards the way it influences religion, culture and social belief. After all the US govt. , with all its efforts didn’t found a single weapon of mass destruction. The Saddam Hussein’s regime in Iraq was defeated by the combined US and UK army. But the main issue that led to the war was the weapons of mass destruction which Saddam Hussein regime was allegedly possessing, was nowhere present. This means what the US govt. and its allies were telling the whole world was actually a farce. It was nothing more than a propaganda war against a nation which was adamant to pursue those policies which were not influenced by US. Things mentioned above are some of the many effects caused through electronic media. Moving on to its actual definition, electronic media are those communications mediums which are based on electronic or electromechanical means of production and most often distinguished from print media. The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public worldwide include — radio, sound recordings, television, video recording, and streaming internet content. And this electric communication technology goes further than any of the previous products of man’s skill. Earlier technologies extended the power of man’s limbs, and with the invention of writing, man’s memory in a sense could be placed outside of himself. Present communication technologies supplant man’s external senses, and more recently, the internal senses of imagination and the most important, the central or common sense, which brings the various data of the external senses together into a cohesive unity (McDonald). The world of information, however conceived, may appear to exist in its own right by means of electronics, and the human user becomes a mere participant in that world. Let’s take the case of a farmer in South Western America. He was very happy with the money he was earning and was comfortably taking care of his family. The main worry for that man was nothing but the stem rust disease which causes great loss in wheat farming. But when he comes under the influence of electronic media, he sees that the condition is not as good as it appears and his problem is actually not a problem. The actual problem the country is facing is that of possible terrorist attacks and its war on terror in Afghanistan and Iraq. The news of slowdown in world economy and the rising of Asian economy giants like India and China and the job outsourcing makes the same guy more frightened. He feels threatened. And this perceived threat results in a physical reaction as much as actual physical injury. The same person in a large crowd sees perhaps twenty people around him, but a camera above the crowd reveals a crowd incomprehensible to human imagination. The widespread anxiety among people in the first world about there being too many people is an effect of them seeing thousands of faces on television, whereas someone may walk for hours on the streets of the suburbs without seeing a single person (McDonald). The reality is that the information beaming capability of the electronic media upsets normal community and family relations based on physical contact and proximity, leading to an ersatz community where people have the illusion of being angels. People in their relations are reduced to being pieces of disembodied information without context or substance. The level of sensation present in our lives affects our intellectual judgment. It’s not only that individuals re getting affected but whole social order is getting influenced by this stream of information supplied continuously through electronic media. If we talk about law and justice, information acts as lifeblood to it and media of communication are the veins and arteries that move the information through the system. And the same usually works not by exercise of force but by information transfer, by communication of what’s expected, what forbidden, and what allowable, what are the consequences of acting in certain ways (Katsh, 1999). That is, law entails information about what the rules are, how they are applied, with what costs, consequences, etc. The changes in the means used to communicate information are important to law because law has come to rely upon the transmission of information in a particular form. The effectiveness and operation of law depends on controlling access to some information and highlighting or directing attention to other information. The electronic media are not to be considered merely as more powerful versions of print. They have different mechanisms for transmitting and processing information, some of which will pressure the law to change course and become a different and not simply a more efficient institution (Katsh, 1999). It’s not only the grownups who are actually getting influenced but also children as young as five years old. According to report, it has been found that there has been an explosion in recent years in electronic media marketed directly at the very youngest children in our society: A booming market of videotapes and DVDs aimed at infants one to 18 months, the launching of the first TV show specifically targeting children as young as 12 months, and a multi-million dollar industry selling computer games and even special keyboard toppers for children as young as nine months old. Their homes are packed with media options, including TVs, computers, DVD players and video game consoles. Nearly all children (99%) live in a home with a TV set, half (50%) have three or more TVs, and one-third (36%) have a TV in their bedroom. Nearly three out of four (73%) have a computer at home, and about half (49%) have a video game player. In some ways, new media is trumping old: nearly twice as many children in this age group live in a home with Internet access (63%) as with a newspaper subscription (34%). Nearly all of them (97%) have products—clothes, toys, and the like—based on characters from TV shows or movies (Rideout, 2003). But the point of concern is that this rapid changes in our media environment have not been accompanied by a similar growth in our knowledge of how new media may impact children’s cognitive, social, emotional or physical development. These issues are of deep concern not only to parents, but also to educators, health providers, policymakers and advocates. Many experts have argued that it is especially critical to understand media use by the youngest children, noting that because social and intellectual development are more malleable in these early years, media use at this age could have an especially significant impact. According to Valdemar W. Setzer (1993), some children addicted to electronic games spoke too fast with limited sense, feeling or contents in their speech. This suggests that those children spoke with a speed compared to the use they make of their fingers when playing the games. There is a correlation between speaking and gesturing, which may be explained by the close proximity of the motor and speech neurological centers in the brain. The fact that children do not have the fully developed, active thinking and consciousness characteristic of adults means they don’t have to make any effort to â€Å"switch off† these inner activities when playing electronic games and are not â€Å"sidetracked† by outside influences that can act as a buffer to overdevelopment of or addiction to an undesirable trait. Finally, we can say that though our ability to gather information is enhanced by technology, we are placed under greater stress, and to maintain equilibrium we must find strategies to cope with it. One strategy is to withdraw from the flood of information and go for selected and conscious input. It is one of the ways but there is a need of finding more. References The White House Press Release, http://www. whitehouse. gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021007-8. html The White House Press Release, http://www. whitehouse. gov/news/releases/2002/02/20020213-3. html The White House Press Release, http://www. whitehouse. gov/news/releases/2002/04/20020417-1. html McDonald, H. Asceticism and the Electronic Media: Technophilia and Technophobia in the Perspective of Christian Philosophy, www. rcp. net. pe/IAL/vm/bec/etexts/macdoeng. htm, 3. Katsh, E. (1989). The Electronic Media and the Transformation of Law, Oxford University Press. Rideout, V. J. Vandewater, E. A. Wartella, E. A. (2003). Zero to Six : Electronic Media in the Lives of Infants, Toddlers and Preschoolers. , A Kaiser Family Foundation Report. Setzer, V. W. Duckett, G. E. (1993). The Risks to Children Using Electronic Games, http://www. ime. usp. br/~vwsetzer/video-g-risks. html How to cite Brainwashing in America, Papers

Summary about Renaissance Example For Students

Summary about Renaissance Renaissance is the Fresh term was used to describe an entire period of rebirth rebirth of ancient traditional, took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity, but transformed that tradition by the absorption of recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by application of contemporary scientific knowledge. It is the painting, sculpture and decorative arts of that period of European history known as the Renaissance, parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music and science. It started in Italy, take place between the 14th and 17th centuries and then spread throughout the European countries in the 16th century. It emerging as a distinct style in Italy. Renaissance art history, especially the Italian Renaissance was divided into the 3 stages: _ Early Renaissance (about 1420 1490/1500) High Renaissance (about 1490/1500 1520) Late Renaissance or Mannerism The first stage of the Renaissance starting from the city of Firemen (Florence) with the statue of Donated, Gibber picture of the relief, frescoes by Mosaic and the instruction of Fillips Brucellosis. The second stage of the Renaissance. This stage was the peak of the Renaissance. This is the time to reach perfection and harmony. The central of this period is the city of Rome of Pope. This is a time of architectural sketches for the church of SST. Peter in Rome Aberrant, the most famous paintings of Leonardo dad Vinci, Raffles, statues and frescoes of Michelangelo and the works of Albrecht etchings Udder. After that period is the Late Renaissance or Mannerism is characterized by many different art trends. Mannerism tends to overstate the erasures of the Renaissance shape (Ex: describing the human body in some actives). The last stage of the Late Renaissance period gradually transformed into Baroque style. But the Renaissance did not occur in a pattern quite similar across Europe. In the spirit of the Renaissance and the early start blooming in Italy in particular, are all influential in painting, sculpture and architecture is not until about 1500 or later Renaissance began in the North of Europe and also the dominant one, and brought several national character. In countries other than Italian architecture and sculpture s influenced more painting. During this period appeared many famous characters with the works left a huge impact on humanity in all fields of painting, architecture and sculpture, In which have to mention to painter Raphael, one of the three artists had a great influence to the Renaissance art. Rafael Sansei dad Robin or Raphael Sansei (1483 1520), was born in eastern Italy. He was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the Napoleonic ideal of human render. Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo dad Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period. Different from Leonardo and Michelangelo, Raphael is a person knows how to combine both the most difficult combination: ancient traditions and contemporary, the legendary life, sanctity close synthesis monumental nature of the Renaissance style. Raphael was a student of painter Pitter Perusing (145()-1523). In the first period, he painted many paintings are influenced by teachers, such as: SST. Niccole (Saint Niccole dad Toleration Altarpiece 1 501 . Museum of Captioned, Naples); Jesus crucified on the cross (The Crucifixion 1502 . National Gallery London);.. In 1504, when he was 21 years old, he went to Florence and meticulous study about the works of earlier masters. He met Leonardo dad Vinci and Michelangelo in here. During 4 years in Florence, Raphael painted many paintings, including the famous paintings such as Notre Dame and two lines with 5 holy throne (the Madonna and Child enthroned with Saints 5- 1505. Metropolitan Museum, New York), SST. Michael and the dragon (Saint Michael and the Dragon 1505. Louvre, Paris), Portrait of Renaissance crash course flash cardsAngelo Don (Portrait of Angelo Don 1506. Patti Gallery, Florence), hypertension (The entombment in 1507. Division competition Boroughs, Rome) In 1508, Raphael was invited to work in Rome by Pope Julius II. In here, he has many world-famous works such as debate sacramental (Dispute 1509-1510, Vatican, Rome), Athens School (The School of Athens, 1510-1511. Vatican, Rome). Especially the 1 series is very beautiful religious paintings: Lady Alba (the Alba Madonna. 1511. Washington National Gallery), most notably painting Lady Sistine (The Sistine Madonna, 1512-1513. Dressed Museum) . This masterpiece is the culmination and summary of Christian paintings. In 1512, Raphael painted the Sistine Dame cathedral Saint Sixth. He painted the Sistine Dame cathedral Saint Sixth. The painting is balanced composition, with 6 characters clever, creating sustainable stability triangle as desired longevity of the church. The peak stately and imposing is also the focus of the painting is the Virgin Mary holding the Child Jesus expresses the psychological shadow deeply through, demeanor, eye contact, such as a human prediction born to do great things extraordinary. Raphael used the art space, light and dark, color creates a halo around Mary and the Child Jesus and the direction it faces two SST. Barbara Saint Sixth and to the Lord, to honor Mary and Baby Jesus, all floating in the foreground may. Ben picture below is the upstream direction by two angels. Color paintings portray a solemn but very close. This painting is a great summation of Raphael on the subject of religion and love to your mother ever after no one could pass. Sistine Madonna by Raphael, from 1754 has been moved to Dressed, Germany. And, since then, it is seen as a symbol of this city.